The Snowbird's Guide to Managing Dual State Residency

Spending winters in Florida and summers up north sounds like the dream. But if you're not careful, you could end up paying taxes to both states.

How States Decide Where You Live

States use two main tests to determine if you're a resident for tax purposes:

Domicile is your permanent home, the place you intend to return to whenever you're away. You can only have one domicile, even though you can own more than one home. George Dimov, CPA

Statutory Residency is based on physical presence. In general, if you spend 183 days or more in a state, you'll be considered a resident for tax purposes and will be required to pay taxes on your income and property. Savant Wealth Management

This is where snowbirds run into trouble. You might consider Florida your home, but if you spend too many days in New York, New York will still claim you as a resident.

The 183-Day Rule is Strict

To show how serious New York takes the 183-day rule, any part of a day in New York counts. If a person leaving New York for Naples is snowed in and has to spend a few hours on day 184 in the Empire State, they are now considered a New York resident and subject to its income and estate taxes. Gross-shuman

That's not a typo. A few hours stuck at JFK can flip your entire tax situation.

Why This Matters

New York residents are subject to state income tax on all income derived from all sources, while nonresident individuals are only subject to state income tax on income derived from New York sources. Leechtishman

If New York considers you a resident, they tax everything: your investments, your retirement distributions, your Social Security. If you're a nonresident, they can only tax income that comes from New York itself.

For retirees with significant investment income or large retirement account withdrawals, the difference can be tens of thousands of dollars every year.

Steps to Establish Florida as Your Domicile

If you want Florida to be your legal home, you need to do more than buy a condo. Snowbirds must take steps to demonstrate their intent to make Florida their primary home DSJ, including:

• Get a Florida driver's license

• Register to vote in Florida

• File a Declaration of Domicile with your Florida county

• Register your vehicles in Florida

• Apply for Florida's homestead exemption

• Update your address with banks, financial accounts, and the IRS

• Move items of sentimental value to your Florida home

• Join local clubs, religious organizations, and social groups in Florida

Don't Forget to Cut Ties Up North

Establishing Florida residency is only half the battle. You also need to minimize your connections to your former state.

Keeping meticulous records of travel dates, maintaining Florida-based financial accounts, and minimizing ties to New York (such as leasing out your New York home) can help solidify your status as a Florida resident. DSJ

If you keep your big house in New York and buy a small condo in Florida, auditors will question whether you really moved at all.

Track Your Days

Keep a detailed travel log or GPS receipts. Some states aggressively audit snowbirds who claim Florida residency but still maintain strong ties to high-tax states like New York or Massachusetts. Mannawealthmanagement

This is where most snowbirds get caught. You think you've been careful, but when an auditor asks you to prove where you were on March 14th three years ago, you're scrambling through old credit card statements and trying to remember which home you slept in.

The Bottom Line

If you intend to split your time between two states, decide which one will be your domicile, or your permanent home. You'll be subject to state and local taxes in the state where your domicile is located. Savant Wealth Management

Then actually live like it's your home. Spend more time there. Keep your important stuff there. And track your days so you can prove it.

iReside takes the guesswork out of day tracking. The app automatically logs which state you're in each day, alerts you when you're approaching the 183-day threshold, and generates audit-ready reports if your former state ever comes asking questions.